DNA Computing - Thinking beyond Silicon
7:04 AM Posted by Krishna
This article was written by me during my college days. I was just goind through the folders in my system when I stumbled upon this article and thought can share this piece of information with ya. Hope you have a good read
KP - The DevilzAdvocate
DNA Computing
Human Cells – A predecessor or successor to silicon?
“Have you ever wondered as to how genetic information is transferred from one generation to another? Have you ever pondered over how the mutations and evolutions take place? And will you believe if it is said that all these activities are done by millions of supercomputers present inside living organisms? If not, welcome to the world of DNA Computers.”
DNA Computer- A stumper that intrigues us
A DNA computer is a molecular computer that works biochemically. DNA is modified bio-chemically by a variety of enzymes, which are tiny protein machines that read and process DNA according to nature's design. There is a wide variety and number of these "operational" proteins, which manipulate DNA on the molecular level. Many copies of the enzyme can work on many DNA molecules simultaneously. Thus we can say that a DNA computer works in a massively parallel fashion.
Computer with a Chemistry Lab Mien?
The basic notion of a computer, having various Input and output devices and software running them does not fit here. A DNA computer is nothing but a mixture of solution containing the DNA strands and the enzymes taken in a test tube coaxed to crunch algorithms and spit out data.
DNA VS SILICON
"The inside of a computer is as dumb as hell, but it goes like mad!" was a statement made by Richard Feynman with regards to the systems based on the Von Neumann architecture. DNA computers on the other hand are non von Neumann machines which are capable of massive parallel processing and hence the process of computation is approached from a different perspective. Typically, increasing performance of silicon computing means faster clock cycles, where the emphasis is on the speed of the CPU(increasing it will cost you more money :) ) and not on the size of the memory. For DNA computing, the power comes from the memory capacity and parallel processing.
PATRIARCH OF DNA COMPUTING:
In 1994, Leonard Adleman solved directed Hamiltonian path (HP) problem popularly known as the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) in seven days. It was a problem that an average desktop machine could solve in the blink of an eye. But what’s special about his work that we are talking about? It was a landmark demonstration of computing at molecular level. His work brought into limelight the power of DNA in computing. Adleman considered seven nodes each representing a city to solve the problem.
Steps involved in Adleman’s experiment:
- Generate all possible routes.
- Select itineraries that start with the proper city and end with the final city.
- Select itineraries with the correct number of cities.
- Select itineraries that contain each city only once.
All of the above steps were accomplished with standard molecular biology techniques.
APPLICATIONS – An Overview:
CRYPTOGRAPHY:
A field in which DNA computing appears to be particularly interesting is the cryptography. The DES is the Data Encryption Standard that is the IBM's widely used encryption procedure. It uses a 56 bit key to encrypt 64 bit messages. The encryption procedure is known, and the security is based only on the secret encryption key. In [Bon95a], a molecular program that breaks DES is proposed. That is, one (plain-text, cipher-text) pair is given, and the key that maps the plain-text into the cipher-text is found. Conventional (silicon based) computers - using brute force - would take 104 years to solve the same problem (finding the key that maps a particular pair).
SOLVING NP PROBLEMS:
NP problems are a class of problems which have an exponential increase in time complexity as the number of instances increase. DNA Computers can be used to solve NP class of problems in relatively lesser time because of the parallel processing ability. This is best illustrated by Adleman’s experiment.
BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL FIELDS;
DNA Computers can monitor blood in vitro levels. If there are any chemical imbalances, the DNA would synthesize the needed replacement and release it into blood maintain equilibrium. Autonomous bio-molecular computers may work as doctors in a cell.
WILL DNA SUPPLANT SILICON??
DNA's key advantage is that it will make computers smaller than any computer that has come before them, while at the same time holding more data. One pound of DNA has the capacity to store more information than all the electronic computers ever built; and the computing power of a teardrop-sized DNA computer, using the DNA logic gates, will be more powerful than the world's most powerful supercomputer. More than 10 trillion DNA molecules can fit into an area no larger than 1 cubic centimeter (0.06 cubic inches). With this small amount of DNA, a computer would be able to hold 10 terabytes of data, and perform 10 trillion calculations at a time. By adding more DNA, more calculations could be performed.
However, setting up and extracting results from a DNA computer can take days and sometimes week. The fact that DNA doesn’t behave as expected makes things difficult to obtain accurate results. Human intervention is required in each step of result synthesis which brings in the drawbacks of human errors. Ehud Shapiro, whose team has the Guinness record for “the smallest biological computing device” says, “I think they will live together happily and be used for different applications”.
HOW TO EARN MONEY ONLINE - PART 2
7:46 AM Posted by Krishna
Hi. Hope things are going fine on your side. This is the second and final part of How to earn money online series. The future posts in this category will deal with specific sites. Before proceeding further we will see a brief gist of what we discussed in the previous post. My last post dealt mostly on earning money through blogs. We saw various methods like contextual ads, text links and text links ads, banner advertising among various types of advertising strategies. Sponsered reviews and paid surveys were also discussed. Please refer to How to Earn Money online - Part 1 to read more.
In this part we will be discussing about three major things namely Paid to post, Paid to Click Paid to Read and Paid to surf. Compared to the methods discussed in Part 1, these methods are relatively low on money making capability. But at the end of the day our major objective would be to maximize our earnings as much as possible. With that note in mind lets get started.
PAID TO CLICK(PTC):
Paid to click is the easiest way to earn money online. The only thing which you need to do is get registered with a PTC site, click on the advertisement listed and wait for the 20 second (may vary) timer elapse. Your account will get credited with a maximum of 0.01$. If you have a referral your referral click will fetch you 0.005$. The best way to earn using PTC sites is by building a strong referral base. There are some sites which will allow you to rent referrals or buy referrals. If you have a bit of money to invest on buying referrals then you can easily get the money you invest in days. I am currently a member of Neobux. I will update the list of PTCs soon.
A note of caution, there are loads of PTC scam sites. So do your research before joining them or investing money in them.
PAID TO SURF(PTS):
I do not look at Paid to Surf sites as a money making oppurtunity, rather I look at it as one of the method to drive traffic to my blog. The main idea behind PTS surf is link exchange (i.e) If you view a site for 20 seconds(the timer again varies) someone else will view your site for the same period of time. Before joining a PTS surf one must look at the credit exchange ratio if its 1:1, it means for every site you surf your site will also be surfed once. If its a 2:1 ratio, your site will be surfed for every two sites you surf. Based on the amount of surfing you do, traffic will be generated for your site. PTS also pays you a small amount for every 1000 or 1500 credits (1 site surfed = 1 credit). I would suggest that you look at PTS as a enabler to get traffic to your site so that you can use advertisements. As a stand alone I do not recomend PTS as a money making prospect. Easyhits4u is very reliable PTS.
PAID TO POST(PTP):
Do you like to exchange your view on various topics? Do you like discussions on your topics of interest? Do you enjoying posting in forums, then Paid to Post is the best way to earn money. PTP pays you money for posting in forums. There are sites which offers you a flat rate and there are PTP sites which offers a variable rate based on their algorithms. You can easily earn around 1 - 2$ a day by using PTP. MyLot and Destroy Debt are a few PTP sites which i recommend. They also have a referral program which can add to your income base. A word of caution with respect to PTP - They pay you for your quality view. Do not spam and do not post things like "I agree with you", "yes you are right" and so on. They may remove such posts and deduct the money credited to your account.
P.S: If you start PTP it may end of as an addictive hobby, which you would never regret.
PAID TO READ(PTR):
Paid to Read is similar to PTC , the only difference being you are paid for reading a advertisement e-mail. You need to open the link and confirm the link to get paid. Again there is a referral system and the basis of payment(flat rate or point basis) varies from site to site. I do not prefer PTR because it will spam your mail account with loads of mails. But if you are willing then Take the Internet Back is a site I would recommend.
This concludes the two part series on how to earn money online. If you have further clarifications or comments please feel free to contact me and i will be more than willing to help you out. Your suggestions and comments are always welcome. Hope you make money, loads of em.
Till my next post. Adieu
KP- The DevilzAdvocate.
P.S: If you wanna add any sites which you feel is genuine please contact me so that i can update the information and if possible review the site.
UPDATES:
DestroyDebt has stopped its revenue sharing program. This is very unfortunate. They paid me $5.96 when the revenue sharing program was stopped. Thanks to the spammers, a genuine site has stopped paying.
PostParker is a new PTP site which I am currently trying out. Join if you are interested. It is similar to myLot.
NoMinCashOut has paid a few of my friends and is currently reliable. You can join and earn some good money in this PTC.
HOW TO EARN MONEY ONLINE - PART 1
6:39 AM Posted by Krishna
Hello everyone, Hope things are going great. The oppurtunites to earn with a Blog/Website is enormous - Blogging, Advertisements, Affliate programs, survyes, Pay to click, pay to surf.. the list goes on. But the whole idea is to make money effectively and quickly. This post deals with a few effective ways. Hope this helps you get started with the path of earning money.
Direct Methods
1. PPC Advertising Networks
Google AdSense is the most popular option under this category, but there are also others. Basically you need to sign up with the network and paste some code snippets on your website. The network will then serve contextual ads (either text or images) relevant to your website, and you will earn a certain amount of money for every click.
The profitability of PPC advertising depends on the general traffic levels of the website and, most importantly, on the click-through rate (CTR) and cost per click (CPC). The CTR depends on the design of the website. Ads placed abode the fold or blended with content, for instance, tend to get higher CTRs. The CPC, on the other hand, depends on the nice of the website. Mortgages, financial products and college education are examples of profitable niches (clicks worth a couple of dollars are not rare), while tech-related topics tend to receive a smaller CPC (sometimes as low as a couple of cents per click).
The source of the traffic can also affect the overall CTR rate. Organic traffic (the one that comes from search engines) tends to perform well because these visitors were already looking for something, and they tend to click on ads more often. Social media traffic, on the other hand, presents terribly low CTRs because these visitors are tech-savvy and they just ignore ads.
2. CPM Advertising Networks
CPM advertising networks behave pretty much as PPC networks, except that you get paid according to the number of impressions (i.e., page views) that the ads displayed on your site will generate. CPM stands for Cost per Mille, and it refers to the cost for 1,000 impressions.
A blog that generates 100,000 page views monthly displaying an advertising banner with a $1 CPM, therefore, will earn $100 monthly.
CPM rates vary with the network, the position of the ad and the format. The better the network, the higher the CPM rate (because they have access to more advertisers). The closer you put the ad to the top of the page, the higher the CPM. The bigger the format (in terms of pixels), the higher the CPM.
You can get as low as $0,10 and as high as $10 per 1,000 impressions (more in some special cases). CPM advertising tends to work well on websites with a high page views per visitor ratio (e.g., online forums, magazines and so on).
3. Direct Banner Advertising
Selling your own advertising space is one of the most lucrative monetization methods. First and foremost because it enables you to cut out the middleman commissions and to determine your own rates. The most popular banner formats on the web are the 728×90 leaderboard, the 120×600 skyscraper, the 300×250 rectangle and the 125×125 button.
The downside of direct banner advertising is that you need to have a big audience to get qualified advertisers, and you will need to spend time managing the sales process, the banners and the payments.
4. Text Link Ads
After Google declared that sites selling text links without the nofollow tag would be penalized, this monetization method became less popular. Many website owners are still using text links to monetize their sites, though, some using the nofollow tag and some not.
The advantage of this method is that it is not intrusive. One can sell text links directly through his website or use specialized networks like Text-Link-Ads and Text-Link-Brokers to automate the process.
5. Sponsored Reviews
PayPerPost pioneered this model, with much controversy on the beginning (related to the fact that they did not require disclosure on paid posts). Soon other companies followed, most notably Sponsored Reviews and ReviewMe, refining the process and expanding the paid blogging model.
Joining one of these sponsored reviews marketplaces will give you the opportunity to write sponsored posts on a wide range of topics. Not all bloggers are willing to get paid to write about a specific product or website (because it might compromise the editorial credibility), but the ones who do are making good money out of it.
If your blog has a big audience you could also offer sponsored reviews directly, cutting off the commissions of the middleman.
6. Paid Surveys and Polls
There are services that will pay you money to run a small survey or poll on your website. The most popular one is called Vizu Answers. Basically you need to sign up with them, and select the kind of polls that you want to run your site. Most of these services operate under a CPM model.
7.In-text Adverting
In-text adverting networks like Kontera and Vibrant Media will place sponsored links inside your text. These links come with a double underline to differentiate them from normal links, and once the user rolls the mouse over the link the advertising will pop. Should the user click on it the site owner will make some money.
Some people make good money with this method, but others refrain from using it due to its intrusiveness. It is also interesting to note that very few mainstream websites have experimented with in-text advertising.
Watch out this space for more individual reviews and more ways to earn money. I will keep you posted. Till then. Its DevilzAdvocate singing off.
Updates: How to Earn money online - Part 2
A BEGINNERS GUIDE TO HINDUISM - PART 1
5:46 AM Posted by Krishna
Hello guys. Hope everything is going fine. There were loads of topic on which i would love writing, but after contemplating for sometime Hinduism, the third largest religion, emerged as my best bet. So what do I write about Hinduism. Writing about a religion is an enormous task, an unsurmountable mountain. Hinduism being one of the most ancient religions with loads of scriptures and stories I was(still am) at a loss as to where to begin and where to end. The major objective of these series of posts will be to create and awarness of what Hinduism is to people who know little or nothing about this ancient religion. I openly declare that i have no expertise or authority over Hindusim. What I do have is the stories and practises passed on to me by my ancestors and also the experience of practising this religion for close to 23 years. So lets begin our journey. In this post I will be dealing about the creation of the universe and also discuss the duties of 3 major Hindu Gods.
There are differnt stories with respect creation of the universe. The followers of Lord Shiva (Saivites) believe that the eternel sound of OM(pronounced as aum) and the eternel jyothi (the supreme fire, known to symbolize Lord shiva) created the oceans and Lord Vishnu residing on the serpant.A lotus which grew from Vishnu's navel and from it came Lord Brahma. Lord Brahma in is said to have given the shape for Lord Shiva.
The followers of Lord Vishnu(Vaisnavites) believe that at the begining existed a ocean with Lord Vishnu sleeping on his giant serpant adisesha immeresed in deep yoga. When Lord woke up from the state of his yoga he created Brahma, who in turn created Lord Shiva.
Another belief states that the eternal Lord with his desire to create the universe, created the ocean and placed his seed in it, This seed turned into a golden egg whose brilliance surpassed even that of sun. From the egg came Brahma, who created the heavens and the earth and other beings of the world.
In short the Lord Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva were the first inhabitants of this universe. Now let us see in short about each of these three major dieties.
Lord Brahma:
Lord Brahma is the "God of creation". He is a four faced god seated on a lotus. He has four hands with kamandalam(the water pot), the Vedas, the sruva and rosary beads in each hand. His vehicle is swan and his abode is called as SatyaLoka. Satyaloka is considered to be the place atop The Maha Meru/ Sumeru/ Meru mountain. The Meru is considered as the axial point for the universe. Lord Brahma's wife is Saraswathi/Vidya, the Goddess of education and knowledge
Lord Vishnu:
Lord Vishnu is the "God of Maintainence/Preserving". Lord Vishnu has a dark complexion with four hands. He weilds a lotus, A conch, a Disc(Sudharshana Chakra) and a mace in each of his four hands. He resides in Vaikunta, which is considered to be in the middle of the great ocean. He rests on AdiSesha, the giant serpant. His wife is Lakshmi/SriDevi, the Goddess of money, wealth and prosperity.
Lord Shiva:
Lord Shiva is the "God of Destruction". Lord Shiva is considered to be wearing a deer skin. With Cobra adorning his neck. Ashes smeared all over his body and weilding a trident(called a trishool). Apart from the two eyes shiva is said to possess the third eye. The third eye symbolises the vision of reality. Lord Shiva resides in Kailasha in Himalayas, which gives him the name Kailashnath/kailashapathi. He is said to have the river Ganges/Ganga Devi in his locks and hence the name Gangadhara. His wife is Uma/Parvathi, the Goddess of Shakti (strength and power). Uma also represents the nature or prakriti symbolizing all the perishable matters in this universe.
Thats it on this post folks. In the next post we will see about the devas, asuras, the rishis (sages) and the churning of ocean by devas and asuras.
KP- The DevilzAdvocate
P.S : Given the enormity of the series, I would like to have a few partners helping me out. If you have anything to write on Hinduism or you have any suggestions and things which you would like me to write on this topic. Please feel to buzz me at gtmmoney@gmail.com with the subject as Blog - Hinduism. If there are any erratas please notify me.
WORK LIKE A DONKEY N GET PAID PEANUTS
9:02 AM Posted by Krishna
Hello everyone, so whats this one gonna be about? Its been seven months and i think this period was enough to get a snapshot of how things work in the industry. There was this interesting quote which i came across online, "The greater your capacity for hard work, the more rewards fall within your grasp. The deeper you can dig, the more treasure you can potentially find.", and I also found a place where this is an exception. Any guesses?? Well its our very own IT industry. And if its recession time the situation gets even worse. I asked one of my friends about his work, and his answer left me to with one question - "Is it really worth it??". Here goes his story. He goes to work at 7 30 AM in the morning and gets back home by 2:00 AM (The time the thief enters home to loot our money and other valubles). For people who argue saying "Well this is recession time, and you need to work", listen on. I told him that he has his weekends to rejuvenate and this being recession he shouldn be complainin much. He replied immediately saying "Machi they ask me to come on saturdays and sundays, hence i end up working 7 days a week". My next question was "Dude are you being paid extra money? For the amount of effort you put in you need to earn money accrodingly". His answer was on expected lines "a big NO".
Well i do understand that it is recession and these are hard times, but how much of this can people take? This guy being a bachelor has a lesser impact. Imagine the impact it will have on his family if he is married guy with kids. Money is important. We must earn money to support our family and feed em. But at what cost do we earn money? At the cost of our health? At the cost of our family? At the cost of our life? There is a thin line which seperates labor that sustains life and labor that ruins life. I think its high time our bosses think about their family and the amount of time they spend with them. Our life deserves things much better than making money and improving social status.
Until my next post
Adieu
KP - The Devilzadvocate
Krishna Pass HOGAYA!!!!
10:18 AM Posted by Krishna
Hello Everybody,
So what am i going to talk about. Well the name of the post said i passed in something. So what did i clear which warrants me to write a post. Now that I am no more a college student(I never cared, as i knew i would clear most of my AU papers). The exam which i cleared is one of the exams which i have been dreading for around one year now. No prizes for guessing. Its my JLPT(Japanese Language Proficiency Test). My previous posts would have given you an idea as to how i struggled grasping the damned language. I have not cleared any tests except the very first test(It was a partial open book test). We were saying three months more to exam so lets study, then said two months yaar, we can study and finally it was exactly 30 days to go with little or no preparation for the exam. Our company having invested a good amount of money on this training was expecting some returns and the pressure started to build. Moreover we were on a bond, which meant we may have to pay money if we didn’t clear. The final 30 days the real studying started. I was jumping from kanjis to meanings to grammar studyin nothing properly. As days went by i grew somewhat in confidence cose i started understanding the questions(till that month all our answers were based on probability ). But that was not enough for me to clear any of the mock/model tests. The final month had elapsed. In all my practise tests i was got somewhere around 60% in 2 sections, but i lacked practise in the other section. TO give a brief idea about the sections. The JLPT is made up of three sections.
1. Kanji and Vocabs
2. Kikitori(Listening)
3. Grammar
Section 2 I had no time to prepare. We needed 60% overall to clear the exam(240/400).
The day of exam came and i went into the exam hall with the distinction of clearing just a single test out of the n number of tests we had written. Section 1 was easy and i was confident that i will get 60+/100 in that section.
Kikitori was a disastor. While the listening section was in progress, I could hear only Naka muka naka muka song (cinema songs which was played in a nearby building was heard more prominently). I just trusted probability and GOD. Special thanks to Siddhart.
Grammar was moderate. I thought i would get around 110-120/200 allocated in this section.
The exam got over and it was a big relief for most of us. Next thing i did after finishing the exam was to enjoy a movie at satyam. Results would be published in around two months time(We wrote the exams on december the results would come around feb end) and we knew that was loads of time to elapse…
One fine day, in the end of february, while i was attending a training of Unix and C my friends said the result had come and i had passed. I never bothered to know my marks. Knowing that I had cleared was a big relief(Given that i have never failed a major exam). After a few days i went to collect my marksheet. It read….
Writing-Vocabulary - 72/100
Listening - 57/100
Reading-Grammar - 123/200
Total - 252/400
3rd Level Passed
I had just managed to clear.
I cleared the first and the last test(the test which mattered the most).
I cleared JLPT level 3
Until my next post
Adieu
KP - The Devilz advocate
